Everything about Ivy League totally explained
Ivy League is an
athletic conference comprising eight private institutions of
higher education located in the
Northeastern United States. The term is most commonly used to refer to those eight schools considered as a group. The term also has connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and a reputation for social
elitism.
The term became official, especially in sports terminology, after the formation of the
NCAA Division I athletic conference in 1954, when much of the nation polarized around favorite college teams. The use of the phrase is no longer limited to athletics, and now represents an educational philosophy inherent to the nation's oldest schools.
All of the Ivy League's institutions place near the top in the
U.S. News & World Report college and university rankings and rank within the top one percent of the world's academic institutions in terms of financial endowment. Seven of the eight schools were founded during
America's colonial period; the exception is
Cornell, which was founded in 1865. Ivy League institutions, therefore, account for seven of the nine
Colonial Colleges chartered before the
American Revolution. The Ivies also are all located in the Northeast region of the United States and are privately owned and controlled. Although many of them receive funding from the federal or state governments to pursue research, only Cornell has state-supported academic units, termed
"statutory" or "contract" colleges, that are an integral part of the institution.
Undergraduate enrollments among the Ivy League schools range from about 4,000 to 14,000, making them larger than those of a typical private
liberal arts college and smaller than a typical public
state university. Ivy League university
financial endowments range from Brown's $2.8 billion to Harvard's $34.9 billion, the
largest financial endowment of any academic institution in the world.
Members
| Institution |
Location |
Athletic Nickname |
Undergraduate enrollment |
Motto |
| Brown University |
Providence, Rhode Island |
Bears |
5,821 |
In deo speramus
(In God we hope) |
| Columbia University |
New York, New York |
Lions |
7,407 |
In lumine Tuo videbimus lumen
(In Thy light shall we see the light) |
| Cornell University |
Ithaca, New York |
Big Red |
13,510 |
I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study. |
| Dartmouth College |
Hanover, New Hampshire |
Big Green |
4,164 |
Vox clamantis in deserto
(A voice crying in the wilderness, The voice of one crying in the wilderness) |
| Harvard University |
Cambridge, Massachusetts |
Crimson |
6,715 |
Veritas
(Truth) |
| Princeton University |
Princeton, New Jersey |
Tigers |
4,678 |
Dei sub numine viget
(Under God's power she flourishes) |
| University of Pennsylvania |
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
Quakers |
10,163 |
Leges sine moribus vanae
(Laws without morals are useless) |
| Yale University |
New Haven, Connecticut |
Bulldogs |
5,275 |
אורים ותומים
Lux et veritas
(Light and truth) |
History
Founding of the institutions
Origin of the name
The first usage of "Ivy" in reference to a group of colleges is from sportswriter Stanley Woodward (1895-1965).
According to book
Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins (1988), author William Morris writes that Stanley Woodward actually took the term from fellow
New York Tribune sportswriter Caswell Adams. Morris writes that during the 1930s, the
Fordham University football team was running roughshod over all its opponents. One day in the sports room at the
Tribune, the merits of Fordham's football team were being compared to
Princeton and
Columbia. Adams remarked disparagingly of the latter two, saying they were "only
Ivy League." Woodward, the sports editor of the
Tribune, picked up the term and printed the next day.
Note though that in the above quote Woodward used the term
ivy college, not
ivy league as Adams is said to have used, so there's a discrepancy in this theory, although it seems certain the term
ivy college and shortly later
Ivy League acquired its name from the sports world.
The first known instance of the term
Ivy League being used appeared in the
Christian Science Monitor on
February 7,
1935 Several sports-writers and other journalists used the term shortly later to refer to the older colleges, those along the northeastern seaboard of the United States, chiefly the nine institutions with origins dating from the
colonial era, together with the
United States Military Academy (West Point), the
United States Naval Academy, and a few others. These schools were known for their long-standing traditions in intercollegiate athletics, often being the first schools to participate in such activities. However, at this time, none of these institutions would make efforts to form an athletic league.
The Ivy League's name derives from the
ivy plants, symbolic of their age, that cover many of these institutions' historic buildings. The Ivy League universities are also called the "Ancient Eight" or simply the
Ivies.
A common
folk etymology attributes the name to the Roman numerals for four (IV), asserting that there was such a sports league originally with four members. The
Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins helped to perpetuate this belief. The supposed "IV League" was formed over a century ago and consisted of Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and a 4th school that varies depending on who is telling the story.
However, representatives from four schools,
Rutgers,
Princeton,
Yale and
Columbia met at the Fifth Avenue Hotel in
Manhattan on
19 October 1873 to establish a set of rules governing their intercollegiate athletic competition, and particularly to codify the new game of college football (which at the time, largely resembled what is currently called
rugby). Though invited,
Harvard chose not to attend. While no formal organization or conference was established, the results of this meeting governed athletic events between these schools well into the twentieth century.
Before there was an Ivy League
Seven of the Ivy League schools are older than the
American Revolution; Cornell was founded just after the
American Civil War. These seven provided the overwhelming majority of the higher education in the Northern and Middle Colonies; their early faculties and founding boards were largely, therefore, drawn from other Ivy League institutions; there were also some British graduates - more from the
University of Cambridge than
Oxford, but also from the
University of Edinburgh and elsewhere. The founders of
Rutgers, in 1766, were largely Ivy; and so for many of the colleges formed after the Revolution. Cornell provided
Stanford University with its
first president and most of Stanford's initial faculty members were Cornell professors. The founders of
UC Berkeley came from Yale, hence their school colors of
Yale Blue, and California Gold.
As a group, the Ivy League has or had an identifiable Protestant "tone."
Church of England King's College broke up in the Revolution, and was reformed as public non-sectarian
Columbia College. In the early nineteenth century, the specific purpose of training Calvinist ministers was handed off to theological seminaries; but a denominational tone, and such relics as compulsory chapel, often lasted well into the twentieth century. Penn and Brown were officially founded as nonsectarian; Brown's charter promised no religious tests and "full liberty of conscience," but placed control in the hands of a board of twenty-two Baptists, five Quakers, four Congregationalists, and five Episcopalians. Cornell has always been strongly non-sectarian.
"Ivy League" therefore also became, like
WASP, a way of referring to this
elite, and
elitist,
class. This sense dates back to at least 1935. Novels and memoirs attest this sense, as a social elite; to some degree independent of the actual schools.
After the Second World War, the present Ivy League institutions slowly widened their selection of students. They had always had distinguished faculties; some of the first Americans with
doctorates had taught for them; but they now decided that they couldn't both be world-class research institutions and be competitive in the highest ranks of American college sport; in addition, the schools experienced the scandals of any other big-time football programs, although more quietly.
History of the athletic league
The Ivies have been competing in sports as long as intercollegiate sports have existed in the United States. Boat clubs from Harvard and Yale met in the first sporting event held between students of two U.S. colleges on
Lake Winnipesaukee,
New Hampshire, in 1852. As an informal
football league, the Ivy League dates from 1900 when
Yale took the conference championship with a 5-0 record. For many years Army (the
United States Military Academy) and Navy (the
United States Naval Academy) were considered members, but dropped out shortly before formal organization. For instance, Army traditionally had a rivalry with Yale, and Rutgers had rivalries with Princeton and Columbia, which continue today in sports other than
football.
Before the formal establishment of the Ivy League, there was an "unwritten and unspoken agreement among certain Eastern colleges on athletic relations". In 1935,
The Associated Press reported on an example of collaboration between the schools:
the athletic authorities of the so-called "Ivy League" are considering drastic measures to curb the increasing tendency toward riotous attacks on goal posts and other encroachments by spectators on playing fields.
Despite such collaboration, the universities didn't seem to consider the formation of the league as imminent.
Romeyn Berry, Cornell's manager of athletics, reported the situation in January 1936 as follows:
I can say with certainty that in the last five years — and markedly in the last three months — there has been a strong drift among the eight or ten universities of the East which see a good deal of one another in sport toward a closer bond of confidence and cooperation and toward the formation of a common front against the threat of a breakdown in the ideals of amateur sport in the interests of supposed expediency.
Please don't regard that statement as implying the organization of an Eastern conference or even a poetic "Ivy League." That sort of thing doesn't seem to be in the cards at the moment.
Within a year of this statement and having held one-month-long discussions about the proposal, on
December 3,
1936, the idea of "the formation of an Ivy League" gained enough traction among the undergraduate bodies of the universities that the
Columbia Daily Spectator,
The Cornell Daily Sun,
The Dartmouth,
The Harvard Crimson,
The Daily Pennsylvanian,
The Daily Princetonian and the
Yale Daily News would simultaneously run an editorial entitled "Now Is the Time", encouraging the seven universities to form the league in an effort to preserve the ideals of athletics. Part of the editorial read as follows:
The Ivy League exists already in the minds of a good many of those connected with football, and we fail to see why the seven schools concerned should be satisfied to let it exist as a purely nebulous entity where there are so many practical benefits which would be possible under definite organized association. The seven colleges involved fall naturally together by reason of their common interests and similar general standards and by dint of their established national reputation they're in a particularly advantageous position to assume leadership for the preservation of the ideals of intercollegiate athletics.
The proposal didn't succeed — on
January 11,
1937, the athletic authorities at the schools rejected the "possibility of a heptagonal league in football such as these institutions maintain in basketball, baseball and track." However, they noted that the league "has such promising possibilities that it may not be dismissed and must be the subject of further consideration."
In 1945 the presidents of the eight schools signed the first
Ivy Group Agreement, which set academic, financial, and athletic standards for the
football teams. The principles established reiterated those put forward in the Harvard-Yale-Princeton Presidents' Agreement of 1916. The Ivy Group Agreement established the core tenet that an applicant's ability to play on a team wouldn't influence admissions decisions:
The members of the Group reaffirm their prohibition of athletic scholarships. Athletes shall be admitted as students and awarded financial aid only on the basis of the same academic standards and economic need as are applied to all other students.
In 1954, the date generally accepted as the birth of the Ivy League, the presidents extended the Ivy Group Agreement to all intercollegiate sports. Competition began with the 1956 season.
As late as the 1960s many of the Ivy League universities' undergraduate programs remained open only to men, with Cornell the only one to have been coeducational from its founding (1865) and Columbia being the last (1983) to become
coeducational. Before they became coeducational, many of the Ivy schools maintained extensive social ties with nearby
Seven Sisters women's colleges, including weekend visits, dances and parties inviting Ivy and Seven Sisters students to mingle. This was the case not only at
Barnard College and
Radcliffe College, which are adjacent to Columbia and Harvard, but at more distant institutions as well. The movie
Animal House includes a satiric version of the formerly common visits by Dartmouth men to Massachusetts to meet
Smith and
Mount Holyoke women, a drive of more than two hours. As noted by Irene Harwarth, Mindi Maline, and Elizabeth DeBra, "the '
Seven Sisters' was the name given to Barnard, Smith, Mount Holyoke, Vassar, Bryn Mawr, Wellesley, and Radcliffe, because of their parallel to the Ivy League men’s colleges."
Cohesiveness of the group
The Ivy League schools are highly selective, with acceptance rates ranging from about 7 to 20 percent from an application pool that consists of the top high school students in the country.
These universities engage in a heated competition to attract students, illustrated by a 2002 incident in which admissions officers at Princeton logged into the Yale admissions website fourteen times to view the admissions status of cross-applicants, using the names, birth dates, and social security numbers indicated on their
Princeton applications; Princeton later asserted that it had been considering a similar system of early Internet notification, and was surprised to find that Yale had used no password besides the Social Security number. Yale's administration notified the FBI about the actions after conducting its own investigation. Princeton moved one admissions official to a different department over the incident and the university's Dean of Admissions retired soon thereafter, though Princeton president
Shirley Tilghman said that the dean's decision to retire was unconnected to the incident.
Collaboration between the member schools is illustrated by the student-led
Ivy Council that meets in the fall and spring of each year, with representatives from every Ivy League school. At these multi-day conferences, student representatives from each school meet to discuss issues facing their respective institutions, with a variety of topics ranging from financial aid to gender-neutral housing.
Social elitism
The phrase
Ivy League historically has been perceived as connected, not only with academic excellence, but also with social elitism. In 1936, sportwriter John Kieran noted that student editors at
Harvard,
Yale,
Princeton,
Cornell,
Columbia,
Dartmouth, and
Penn were advocating the formation of an athletic association. In urging them to consider "Army and Navy and Georgetown and Fordham and Syracuse and Brown and Pitt" as candidates for membership, he exhorted:
» It would be well for the proponents of the Ivy League to make it clear (to themselves especially) that the proposed group would be inclusive but not "exclusive" as this term is used with a slight up-tilting of the tip of the nose.
The Ivy League was specifically associated with the
WASP establishment. Phrases such as "Ivy League snobbery" are ubiquitous in nonfiction and fiction writing of the twentieth century. A
Louis Auchincloss character dreads "the aridity of snobbery which he knew infected the Ivy League colleges". A business writer, warning in 2001 against discriminatory hiring, presented a cautionary example of an attitude to avoid (the bracketed phrase is his):
» "We Ivy Leaguers [read:mostly white and Anglo] know that an Ivy League degree is a mark of the kind of person who is likely to succeed in this organization."
Aspects of Ivy stereotyping were illustrated during the 1988 presidential election, when
George H. W. Bush (Yale '48) derided
Michael Dukakis (graduate of Harvard Law School) for having "foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique."
New York Times columnist
Maureen Dowd asked "Wasn't this a case of the pot calling the kettle elite?" Bush explained however that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was "so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it.... Harvard boutique to me has the connotation of liberalism and elitism" and said Harvard in his remark was intended to represent "a philosophical enclave" and not a statement about class.. Columnist
Russell Baker opined that "Voters inclined to loathe and fear elite Ivy League schools rarely make fine distinctions between Yale and Harvard. All they know is that both are full of rich, fancy, stuck-up and possibly dangerous intellectuals who never sit down to supper in their
undershirt no matter how hot the weather gets."
Cooperation
Seven of the eight schools (Harvard excluded) participate in the Borrow Direct
interlibrary loan program, making a total of 88 million items available to participants with a waiting period of four working days. This
ILL program isn't affiliated with the formal Ivy arrangement.
The governing body of the Ivy League is the
Council of Ivy Group Presidents. During their meetings, the presidents often discuss common procedures and initiatives.
Competition and athletics
Ivy champions are recognized in 33 men's and women's sports. In some sports, Ivy teams actually compete as members of another league, the Ivy championship being decided by isolating the members' records in play against each other. (For example, the six league members who participate in
ice hockey do so as members of
ECAC Hockey; but an Ivy champion is extrapolated each year.) Unlike all other Division I
basketball conferences, the Ivy League has no tournament for the league title; the school with the best conference record represents the conference in the
Division I NCAA Basketball Tournament (with a playoff in the case of a tie).
On average, each Ivy school has more than 35 varsity teams. All eight are in the top 20 for number of sports offered for both men and women among Division I schools.
Harvard and Yale are celebrated
football and
crew rivals.
Princeton and
Penn are longstanding men's basketball rivals and "Puck Fenn" and "Puck Frinceton" t-shirts are worn at games. In only five instances in the history of Ivy League basketball, and in only two seasons since Dartmouth's 1957-58 title, has neither Penn nor Princeton won at least a share of the Ivy League title in basketball, with each champion or co-champion 25 times. Penn has won 21 outright, Princeton 18 outright. Princeton has been a co-champion 7 times, sharing 4 of those titles with Penn (these 4 seasons represent the only times Penn has been co-champion).
Rivalries exist between other Ivy league teams in other sports, including
Cornell and Harvard in hockey (either team has won or shared the men's title each of the last five years), and Harvard and Penn in football (Penn and Harvard have each had two unbeaten seasons since 2001.).
In addition, no team other than Harvard or Princeton has won the men's swimming conference title since 1972, with Harvard winning the 34 year series 19-15 as of 2006.
Unlike most Division I athletic conferences, the Ivy League prohibits the granting of athletic scholarships; all scholarships awarded are need-based (
financial aid). Ivy League teams out of league games are usually against the members of the
Patriot League which have similar academic standards and athletic scholarship policies.
In the time before recruiting for college sports became dominated by those offering athletic scholarships and lowered academic standards for athletes, the Ivy League was successful in many sports relative to other universities in the country. In particular, Princeton won 24 recognized national championships in
college football (Last Div I-A championship in 1911), and Yale won 19 (Last Div I-A championship in 1927). Both of these totals are considerably higher than those of other historically strong programs such as
Notre Dame, which has won 12, and
USC, which has won 11. Yale, whose coach
Walter Camp was the "Father of American Football," held on to its place as the all-time wins leader in college football throughout the entire 20th century, but was finally passed by
Michigan on
November 10,
2001. Currently Dartmouth holds the record for most Ivy League football titles, with 17.
Although no longer as successful nationally as they once were in many of the more popular college sports, the Ivy League is still competitive in others. One such example is
rowing. All of the Ivies have historically been among the top crews in the nation, and most continue to be so today. (Other historical top crews include
Cal,
Washington,
Wisconsin and
Navy). Most recently, on the men's side, Harvard won the
Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championships in 2003, 2004, 2005, and on the women's side, Harvard and Brown won the 2003 and 2004
NCAA Rowing Championships, respectively. Additionally, Cornell's men's lightweight team won back to back IRA National Championships in 2006 and 2007. The Ivy League schools are also very competitive in both men's and women's hockey.
The Ivy League is home to some of the oldest
college rugby teams. These teams meet annually to compete in a tourney. The 2006 Ivy League Tournament was hosted by
Yale, and the 2005 tournament was hosted by the University of Pennsylvania.
Conference facilities
| School |
Football stadium |
Basketball arena |
Ice hockey rink |
Soccer stadium |
| Name |
Capacity |
Name |
Capacity |
Name |
Capacity |
Name |
Capacity |
| Brown |
Brown Stadium |
20,000 |
Pizzitola Sports Center |
2,800 |
Meehan Auditorium |
3,100 |
Stevenson Field |
3,500 |
| Columbia |
Wien Stadium |
17,000 |
Levien Gymnasium |
3,408 |
N/A |
Columbia Soccer Stadium |
3,500 |
| Cornell |
Schoellkopf Field |
25,597 |
Newman Arena |
4,473 |
Lynah Rink |
3,836 |
Charles F. Berman Field |
1,000 |
| Dartmouth |
Memorial Field |
13,000 |
Leede Arena |
2,100 |
Thompson Arena |
5,000 |
Burnham Soccer Facility |
1,600 |
| Harvard |
Harvard Stadium |
30,898 |
Lavietes Pavilion |
2,195 |
Bright Hockey Center |
2,850 |
Ohiri Field |
1,500 |
| Penn |
Franklin Field |
52,593 |
The Palestra |
8,722 |
The Class of 1923 Arena |
2,900 |
Rhodes Field |
~700 |
| Princeton |
Princeton Stadium |
27,800 |
Jadwin Gymnasium |
6,854 |
Hobey Baker Memorial Rink |
2,094 |
Lourie-Love Field |
2,000 |
| Yale |
Yale Bowl |
64,269 |
Payne Whitney Gym |
3,100 |
Ingalls Rink |
3,486 |
Reese Stadium |
3,000 |
Dartmouth also owns and operates the
Dartmouth Skiway, the home racing grounds for the 2007 NCAA skiing champions.
Other Ivies
Marketing groups, journalists, and some educators sometimes promote other colleges as "Ivies," as in
Little Ivies;
Public Ivies;
Southern Ivies; and
Canadian Ivies. These uses of "ivy" are intended to promote the other schools by comparing them to the Ivy League, but unlike the "Ivy League" label, they've no canonical definition. For example, in the 2007 edition of Newsweek's
How to Get Into College Now, the editors designated twenty-five schools as "New Ivies," some of which share no characteristics with the Ivy League colleges except a good reputation.
Championships
Football
- 1956 Yale
- 1957 Princeton
- 1958 Dartmouth
- 1959 Pennsylvania
- 1960 Yale
- 1961 Columbia and Harvard
- 1962 Dartmouth
- 1963 Dartmouth and Princeton
- 1964 Princeton
- 1965 Dartmouth
- 1966 Dartmouth, Harvard and Princeton
- 1967 Yale
- 1968 Harvard and Yale
- 1969 Dartmouth, Princeton and Yale
- 1970 Dartmouth
- 1971 Cornell and Dartmouth
- 1972 Dartmouth
- 1973 Dartmouth
- 1974 Harvard and Yale
- 1975 Harvard
- 1976 Brown and Yale
- 1977 Yale
- 1978 Dartmouth
- 1979 Yale
- 1980 Yale
- 1981 Dartmouth and Yale
|
1982 Dartmouth, Harvard and Pennsylvania
1983 Harvard and Pennsylvania
1984 Pennsylvania
1985 Pennsylvania
1986 Pennsylvania
1987 Harvard
1988 Cornell and Pennsylvania
1989 Princeton and Yale
1990 Cornell and Dartmouth
1991 Dartmouth
1992 Dartmouth and Princeton
1993 Pennsylvania
1994 Pennsylvania
1995 Princeton
1996 Dartmouth
1997 Harvard
1998 Pennsylvania
1999 Brown and Yale
2000 Pennsylvania
2001 Harvard
2002 Pennsylvania
2003 Pennsylvania
2004 Harvard
2005 Brown
2006 Princeton and Yale
2007 Harvard
|
Men's Basketball
| 1955-56 Dartmouth
1956-57 Yale
1957-58 Dartmouth
1958-59 Dartmouth, Princeton
1959-60 Princeton
1960-61 Princeton
1961-62 Yale
1962-63 Princeton, Yale
1963-64 Princeton
1964-65 Princeton
1965-66 Pennsylvania
1966-67 Princeton
1967-68 Columbia, Princeton
1968-69 Princeton
1969-70 Pennsylvania
1970-71 Pennsylvania
1971-72 Pennsylvania
1972-73 Pennsylvania
1973-74 Pennsylvania
1974-75 Pennsylvania
1975-76 Princeton
1976-77 Princeton
1977-78 Pennsylvania
1978-79 Pennsylvania
1979-80 Pennsylvania, Princeton
1980-81 Pennsylvania, Princeton
1981-82 Pennsylvania
|
1982-83 Princeton
1983-84 Princeton
1984-85 Pennsylvania
1985-86 Brown
1986-87 Pennsylvania
1987-88 Cornell
1988-89 Princeton
1989-90 Princeton
1990-91 Princeton
1991-92 Princeton
1992-93 Pennsylvania
1993-94 Pennsylvania
1994-95 Pennsylvania
1995-96 Pennsylvania, Princeton
1996-97 Princeton
1997-98 Princeton
1998-99 Pennsylvania
1999-00 Pennsylvania
2000-01 Princeton
2001-02 Pennsylvania, Princeton, Yale
2002-03 Pennsylvania
2003-04 Princeton
2004-05 Pennsylvania
2005-06 Pennsylvania
2006-07 Pennsylvania
2007-08 Cornell
|
Men's Ice Hockey
| 1934 Dartmouth
1935 Yale
1936 Harvard
1937 Harvard
1938 Dartmouth
1939 Dartmouth
1940 Yale
1941 Princeton
1942 Dartmouth
1943 Dartmouth
1947 Dartmouth
1948 Dartmouth
1949 Dartmouth
1950 Brown
1951 Brown
1952 Yale
1953 Princeton
1954 Harvard
1955 Harvard
1956 Harvard
1957 Harvard
1958 Harvard
1959 Dartmouth
1960 Dartmouth
1961 Harvard
1962 Harvard
1963 Harvard
1964 Dartmouth
1965 Brown
1966 Cornell
1967 Cornell
1968 Cornell
1969 Cornell
1970 Cornell
1971 Cornell
1972 Cornell
|
1973 Cornell
1974 Harvard
1975 Harvard
1976 Brown
1977 Cornell
1978 Cornell
1979 Dartmouth
1980 Dartmouth
1981 Yale
1982 Harvard
1983 Harvard, Cornell
1984 Harvard
1985 Cornell, Harvard, Yale
1986 Harvard
1987 Harvard
1988 Harvard
1989 Harvard
1990 Harvard
1991 Brown
1992 Yale
1993 Harvard
1994 Harvard
1995 Brown
1996 Cornell
1997 Cornell
1998 Yale
1999 Princeton, Yale
2000 Harvard
2001 Yale
2002 Cornell
2003 Cornell
2004 Brown, Cornell
2005 Cornell
2006 Harvard
2007 Dartmouth, Yale
2008 Princeton
|
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